Evolution of the Perception of Women in Ancient Greek Society from Homer to the Classical Period

Abstract

The perception of women in Ancient Hellenic exhibited periodic changes depending on economic, social, and political factors. One of the earliest collective epics in which the role of women among the Hellenes can be traced is Homer's Iliad, particularly the narrative of Troy, which holds significant value. The period known as the "Age of Homer" is generally dated between the 8^th century BCE (approximately 750–700 BCE). Homer's greatest works, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are considered written versions of earlier oral traditions. In these epics, Homer clearly illustrates the roles of women in society. During the "Age of Heroes", Homer conveyed the Hellenic perspective through the image of the ideal woman, marking the first representation of women's societal roles in Hellenic culture. Over time, the status of women and attitudes toward them evolved. From the 5^th to the 4^th century BCE, both female figures and the concept of the 'ideal woman' underwent transformation. Since Homer, women's behavior and the roles attributed to them in myths served as messages to other women in society. However, with the expansion of Hellenic colonies and increasing wealth, the functions expected of women diversified and intensified. This study aims to examine the ideal image of women in Hellenic society from Homer’s time up to the 4^th century BCE and to raise awareness of the development of this image throughout the period.